Historic Site of Anti-Mongolian Struggle in Hangpadu-ri, Jeju

The Historic Site of Anti-Mongolian Struggle in Hangpadu-ri, Jeju was the last stronghold of the Sambyeolcho, an elite Goryeo military corps. When the Goryeo court concluded a peace treaty with the Mongols and moved its capital back from Ganghwa to Gaegyeong in the second month of the eleventh year of King Wonjong (1270), the Sambyeolcho resisted, holding out to the end against the combined Goryeo-Mongol forces led by Kim Bang-gyeong of Goryeo and Heundo of the Mongols, until they were all annihilated in the fourteenth year of King Wonjong (1273). The site was designated a Historic Site on 18 April 1997. The fortress stands at an altitude of about 190–215 m, with the Goseongcheon Stream to its east and the Sowangcheon Stream to its west. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north: near the earthen wall the ground falls away steeply on the north side, slopes gently to the east, and drops to a cliff-lined stream on the west, making it a naturally suitable location for a fortress. The soil throughout is a yellowish-brown clay containing some gravel, with very strong cohesion, a quality well suited to building an earthen rampart. Sections of the earthen wall built at the time survive, and many remains have been found, including door-pivot stones (stone sockets that held the timber gate frames), roof tiles, ceramics, the site of a pond, the springs known as Jangsumul ("General's Spring"), Gusimul and Ongseongmul, and a standing stone said to bear arrow marks. The main facilities today are a management office, a rest area, an exhibition hall, the Sunuimun Gate (Gate of the Martyrs) and the Sunuibi Monument (Monument to the Martyrs). Since 1977 phased conservation work has been carried out, including the purchase of land, restoration of the earthen wall, and (trial) excavation. In particular, a 2011 trial excavation at the Jeju Hangpadu-ri Anti-Mongol site confirmed the scale of the inner fortress at the core of Hangpadu-ri Fortress, the existence of major facilities (building sites) within it, and a variety of artefacts, providing concrete archaeological evidence for the site as the base of the Sambyeolcho's resistance against the Mongols on Jeju Island. The Hangmong Sunuibi Monument was erected in memory of the Sambyeolcho soldiers who met their deaths fighting the Mongol army; the inscription 抗蒙殉義碑 ("Hangmong Sunuibi") on the front of the monument is in the handwriting of President Park Chung-hee. General Kim Tong-jeong built the earthen wall at Hangpadu-ri, the Sambyeolcho's base, using earth, to withstand the combined Goryeo-Mongol forces. The door-pivot stones are foundation stones believed to have supported the gate frames of Hangpadu-ri Fortress. The fortress is said to have had four gates, and ten of these stones survive today. The "arrow-struck stone" is a huge standing stone at Geungnakbong Peak that the Sambyeolcho used as an archery target; arrowheads are said to have been embedded in its surface. Jangsumul ("General's Spring") takes its name from a legend that when General Kim Tong-jeong, fleeing government troops, leapt down from the earthen wall, his footprint dented the rock below and a spring welled up from that spot. Gusimul was the water used for drinking by the commoners and soldiers outside the fortress. Ongseongmul is a spring within the grounds of Geungnaksa Temple, north of Hangpadu-ri Fortress; it was the water the ruling class drank while the Sambyeolcho held Hangpadu-ri. Pagunbong [Bagumji Oreum] is a peak about 100 m above sea level, the battle site where the Sambyeolcho fought against the landing force of the combined Goryeo-Mongol army during the Goryeo period. The Goseongcheon and Sowangcheon Streams encircle Hangpadu-ri Fortress, the Goseongcheon to the east and the Sowangcheon to the west, forming a natural defensive barrier. The official name was changed from "Jeju Hangpadu-ri Anti-Mongol Heritage Site" to "Historic Site of Anti-Mongolian Struggle in Hangpadu-ri, Jeju" on 28 July 2011.

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Where it is

Region

Jeju City, Jeju

Designation

Historic Site · 사적